September 22, 2006

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Finding Hope in Artisan Cooperatives

By Delmy Tania Cruz Hernandez

SAN CRISTÓBAL DE LAS CASAS -- In Chiapas, the women who make their living as weavers don't just create cloths, blouses, and dresses -- they create dreams and art. Here, in this mysterious corner of Mexico where the air smells of flowers and the jaguars sleep, indigenous women, artisans, ceaselessly struggle.

Weaving is an ancient art, but in Chiapas it is also a way of life and a way to earn a living. Creating textiles, embroidery, and woodcarvings are the most common occupations among indigenous women in Chiapas, a 2001 UNESCO study revealed. But all over the world, markets are flooded with cheap, mass-produced crafts and goods. As a result, weavers and embroiderers in Chiapas have had to find new ways to sell their goods and to survive.

Textile 2

Some, like Rosa Sánchez, work only with family members and struggle to find space to sell products and to get fair prices for their labor-intensive crafts.

Others, like Mari Carmen, earn better wages by selling their products cooperatively with other Mayan artists through projects like El Grupo Intercultural Mayense, or the Mayan Intercultural Group.

Sánchez has dedicated the last 26 years of her life to producing traditional fiber arts. She is one of hundreds of women who sell in the crafts market located behind the Santo Domingo Church in San Cristobal de las Casas, a site that draws thousands of tourists each year. Thirty one years ago, she was expelled from her indigenous community, San Juan Chamula, when she converted from Catholicism to Evangelical Christianity. In the last three decades, thousands of Chamulans, displaced by religious conflict, have settled in nearby San Cristóbal.

By making textiles, Sánchez was able to support herself and her family in the city. When she first arrived in San Cristóbal, she sold crafts alongside other women in unregulated markets and in the streets of the city center, until the police ran them off. Today, artisans are allowed to sell their wares in the Santo Domingo Plaza.

On a busy weekday in September, the Santo Domingo market is bustling with as many as 300 vendors. In some stands, indigenous women embroider blouses and sew brightly colored wool animals. Another booth offers imported bags from India still wrapped in plastic. Next door, women in traditional indigenous garb sell Zapatista t-shirts, and crafts from Guatemala and Ecuador.

Sánchez shares a stand with her mother and three daughters. They pay 450 pesos a year, about forty one U.S. dollars, for the spot where they sell their hand-made wool bags. "It takes me a long time to make the bags," Sanchez said. "I buy the wool, then dry it, comb it, and spin it into yarn. Then I knit and sew the bags."

Sánchez says it takes her an entire month to make one bag, which she then sells for between 90 and 100 pesos, or about nine dollars. She says most people don't pay a fair price for locally produced crafts, and for this reason many vendors now carry factory-knit scarves and hats that sell for between 30 and 40 pesos, less than four dollars.

Still, she says, competition between craftspeople is growing and sales are low during the off-season. In December, Sánchez's busiest month, "I stock up on beans and salt, so that I have something in the off months," she said.

Only a few blocks away, in a storefront near Santo Domingo, El Centro Cultural Mayense has organized an exhibition and sale. "Before, we knew nothing about selling, we practically gave away our work," says Mari Carmen, who did not reveal her last name because of strained family relations. Like Sánchez, Mari Carmen spent years selling her embroideries in the streets. Now she sells her work with 70 other women at special events and exhibitions where she earns better wages, especially for her for traditional Tzeltal blouses, which have colorful, detailed embroidery in traditional patterns. "It takes about 35 and 40 days to finish one," said Mari Carmen. In the streets, she sold the blouses for less than five dollars. Now, she sells them for more than forty dollars.

In the Centro Cultural Mayense, Mari Carmen has also learned to speak Spanish, and for the first time, has access to sewing machines. Pastor Doris García Mayor, the coordinator of the center, says she started the cooperative in order to empower indigenous women. "The most important thing is to help them reach their potential as women. I want them to see that they are not folklore but subjects of their own history and that they are conscious of local and global processes that affect their lives," García Mayor said.

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